
Okay, so I’ve won the
first bet with John Quiggin. More on that in a bit. Meanwhile: what lies ahead
for Syria?
Well, the best summary I’ve yet seen can be found
in this excellent article from our friends at the Crisis Group. It’s so good that I’m going to quote it
at considerable length.
One is tempted to say that the regime has
been uniformly cold-blooded and indiscriminate from the start, but that is not
so. The conflict experienced several phases: from the regime’s political
concessions, both half-hearted (which prompted stronger popular demands) and
coupled with brutal repression (which further undermined their credibility); to
its so-called security solution (which, by seeking to force entire communities
into submission further energised the opposition and pushed it toward armed
resistance); and, finally, to its so-called military solution (a scorched earth
policy of rampant destruction and looting that turned what once was viewed as a
national army into a broadly reviled occupation force).
With each stage, the
regime burned yet another bridge, leaving it with neither way back nor way out.
Just as the political solution undermined those involved in politics and the
security situation wrecked the security services’ ability to operate, so did
the military solution eviscerate the army’s credibility.
This strikes me as a cogent summary of the
regime’s shifting strategies over the last 18 months. It’s largely forgotten
now, but the Syrian government did attempt to make some minor political
concessions, including local and municipal elections in 2011 that were (by
Syrian standards) remarkably free and fair. If I were to point to a moment when
the political strategy stalled out and failed, it would be the parliamentary
elections held earlier this year. The government seems to have dithered at
first, then decided that the purpose of elections was not to allow opposing
views in the legislature, nor to co-opt moderates and broaden the base of
popular support, but to reaffirm the legitimacy of the Baath party and the
regime. The result was, unsurprisingly, a landslide “victory” for the Baath and
a further alienation of moderate opposition.
One thing that’s not discussed is the regime’s
strategy towards the Kurds. Short version: they’ve basically given
autonomy and near independence to the Kurds in return for Kurdish neutrality. And
they’ve done this by deliberately handing over power to the Kurdish faction
that’s associated with the PKK, the anti-Turkish Kurds. This is a calculated
risk, because it increases the probability of Turkish intervention in Syria. But
it means that the Kurdish regions will be run by people who are violently
hostile to the opposition forces that are backed by, or friendly with, Turkey. From
here it looks like a thoughtful strategy that is, so far, paying off — while
there are a few small Kurdish groups working with the opposition, the majority
of Kurds look likely to sit this thing out.
As to what may happen going forward, the article
offers this bracing analysis:
Of all the
ongoing changes, perhaps the most significant and least appreciated is what,
over time, has become of the regime. The one that existed at the outset of the
conflict almost certainly could not have survived the spectacular killing of
top officials in the heart of its traditional stronghold; street combat in
Damascus, Aleppo and a string of other towns; the loss of important border
crossings with Turkey and Iraq; all amid near-total economic devastation and
diplomatic opprobrium. That, a year and a half later, its new incarnation not
only withstood those blows but vigorously counterpunched sends a message worthy
of reflection.
As its political
backbone disintegrates, the regime is being reduced to its repressive
apparatus, while the latter itself gradually morphs into an entity more akin to
a militia than an army in both make-up and ethos. The regime essentially has
been stripped down to a broadly cohesive, hardcore faction fighting an
increasingly bitter, fierce and naked struggle for collective survival. It is
mutating in ways that make it impervious to political and military setbacks,
indifferent to pressure and unable to negotiate. Opposition gains terrify
Alawites, who stand more firmly by the regime’s side. Defections solidify the
ranks of those who remain loyal. Territorial losses can be dismissed for the
sake of concentrating on “useful” geographic areas. Sanctions give rise to an
economy of violence wherein pillaging, looting and smuggling ensure
self-sufficiency and over which punitive measures have virtually no bearing.
That the regime has been weakened is
incontrovertible. But it has been weakened in ways that strengthen its staying
power. (emphasis ours)
The regime has been undergoing a very
rapid Nietzschean “what does not kill us” evolution. It has become much less
effective as a government — indeed, it may end up hardly being a government at
all. But it has become much more effective at surviving. And this leads to a
sobering conclusion:
There can be nothing more to expect from
a regime that, by its very nature – never much of an institutionalised state,
no longer genuinely a political entity – has ceased being in a position to
compromise, respond to pressure or inducement or offer a viable solution. Which
means that the traditional international panoply of actions, from public
blandishments to condemnation, from threats to sanctions, is not about to work.
And that, while one still can hold out hope for a “clean break,” that moment
when the regime neatly collapses or surrenders, it hardly warrants holding one’s
breath.
This leads to my own tentative prediction (which matches my co-blogger’s assessment): six
months from now, Assad will still be in Syria, and still the leader of an
internationally recognized (though very diplomatically isolated) government. It’s
possible that he might be assassinated by then, but I don’t think it likely. I
don’t see a blue-on-blue coup taking him out now, and I don’t think he’s
anywhere close to cutting and running. Foreign military intervention is (for
reasons I’ve discussed) unlikely, though not out of the question; watch for
Turkish agitation to create a “safe haven” in northern Syria or rebel
attacks on Syrian Air Force bases and other assets. (That Turkish plane that
got shot down a few weeks ago? Very probably a probe of Syria’s air defenses. As
long as those are still working, military intervention will be hard and
expensive. So if the rebels suddenly start going after bases and air
defense batteries, then that’ll be suggestive.)
Six months from now, the regime may well
have lost control of large swathes of the country. Syria will probably be
increasingly violent, impoverished, and immiserated. And Assad may well be — in
effect — just a powerful warlord in a country that has a number of warlords.
But he’ll still be there, and will still be at least nominally the head of
state. More’s the pity.
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